ReferenceError: window is not defined in JavaScript [Solved]

# ReferenceError: window is not defined in JavaScript

The "ReferenceError: window is not defined" error occurs for multiple reasons:

Using window in Node.js.
Using window on the server (e.g. server-side rendering in Next.js).
Misspelling the window global variable (should be all lowercase).

referenceerror window is not defined

# The `window` object is not available in Node.js

Node.js does not provide a browser environment. It's a server-side runtime, so we can't use the window variable in Node.

Trying to run the following line of code in Node.js causes the error.

index.js

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// ⛔️ ReferenceError: window is not defined
console.log(window.location.href);

The window object represents a window containing a DOM document and is only available in the browser.

The quickest way to solve the error is to use an if statement.

index.js

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if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
  // 👉️ can use window here
  console.log('You are on the browser')

  console.log(window.location.href);

  console.log(window.location.protocol);
}

The if block only runs in a browser environment where the window object is available.

# Place your JS script tag at the bottom of the body tag

If you got the error in the browser, try to move your JS script tag to the bottom of the body tag.

index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
  </head>

  <body>
    <!-- Your HTML here -->

    <!-- 👇️ Script at bottom of body -->
    <script type="module" src="index.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

You might have some add-ons that are run before the DOM is created.

The window global variable represents the window in which the script is running (browser side).

# Checking if you are on the browser before accessing `window`

If you use React.js or Next.js and you need to check if you're on the browser (can use window) or on the server (can't use window), check that the window variable is not undefined.

index.js

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if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
  console.log('You are on the browser');

  // ✅ Can use window here
  console.log(window.innerWidth);

  window.addEventListener('mousemove', () => {
    console.log('Mouse moved');
  });
} else {
  console.log('You are on the server');
  // ⛔️ Don't use window here
}

We check if the global window variable doesn't have a type of undefined. If the window variable is defined, we are on the browser and can access it.

To solve the error, make sure to only use the window global variable on the browser.

The variable represents a window containing a DOM document and can't be used on the server side (e.g. in Node.js).

# Use the `global` object to define global variables in Node.js

If you need to define global variables in Node.js, use global, not window.

index.js

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// 👇️ in Node.js
global.test = 'EXAMPLE';

And now we can use the variable in some other file:

another-file.js

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import './index.js';

console.log(global.test); // 👉️ "EXAMPLE"

But it's much better to simply export a variable from the index.js file and import it as needed.

index.js

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export const test = 'example';

Now we can import the variable into another file.

index.js

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import {test} from './index.js';

console.log(test); // 👉️ "example"

This is a much better and more explicit approach than defining global variables.

# Move the code that uses `window` to your `useEffect` hook

If you got the error in React.js, move the code that uses window in your useEffect hook.

The useEffect hook runs after React renders your component in the browser environment, so you can safely access the window object in useEffect.

App.js

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import {useEffect} from 'react';

const App = () => {
  useEffect(() => {
    // ✅ Use window in useEffect hook
    const handleScroll = event => {
      console.log('window.scrollY', window.scrollY);
    };

    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);
    };
  }, []);

  return (
    <div
      style={{
        border: '3px solid black',
        width: '400px',
        height: '1000rem',
      }}
    >
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>Content</p>
    </div>
  );
};

export default App;

The useEffect hook runs only on the browser, after the component has mounted.

App.js

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useEffect(() => {
  // ✅ Use window in useEffect hook
  const handleScroll = event => {
    console.log('window.scrollY', window.scrollY);
  };

  window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);

  return () => {
    window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);
  };
}, []);

You can safely use the window object in your useEffect hook in React.js and Next.js.

# Checking if you are on the browser or the server

If that doesn't work, you have to use an if statement to check if you're on the browser (can use window) or server (can't use window).

index.js

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if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
  console.log('You are on the browser');

  // ✅ Can use window here
  console.log(window.innerWidth);

  window.addEventListener('mousemove', () => {
    console.log('Mouse moved');
  });
} else {
  console.log('You are on the server');
  // ⛔️ Don't use window here
}

The if block only runs if the window object is not undefined (we are on the browser).

If the else block runs, the code is not in a browser environment and doesn't have access to the window object.

# Make sure you haven't misspelled `window`

Another common cause of the error is misspelling window (it's all lowercase).

index.js

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// ⛔️ ReferenceError: Window is not defined
console.log(Window.location.href);

The code sample uses Window (capital W) instead of window which caused the error.

Instead, the object is spelled in all lowercase.

index.js

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console.log(window.location.href);

console.log(window.location.protocol);

# Conclusion

To solve the "ReferenceError: window is not defined" error, make sure:

You aren't trying to access the window object in Node.js.
You aren't using window on the server (e.g. server-side rendering in Next.js).
You haven't misspelled the window global variable (should be all lowercase).

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ReferenceError: window is not defined in JavaScript [Solved]